Causes of corruption in Islamic Iran

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[1] Farzin, 1995, p. 199.

[2] Scott, 1972, p. viii.

[3] Johnston, 1986, 459-477.

[4] Scott, 1972, p. 4. , Nye, 1967. Banfield, 1961, p. 315. Klittgard, 1998, p. 3-6.

[5] Nye, 1967.

[6] This can be so in cases of legal weaknesses or where laws have been deliberately put in place to serve the intentions of those in power.

[7] Samii, 2007.

[8] Klitgaard, 1998, p. 3-6.

[9] Jimenez and Cainzos, 2003, 7-24.

[10] Rose-Ackerman, 1999, p. 9-10.

[11] Scott, 1972, p. 19

[12] Ibid., p. 21

[13] Scott, 1972, p. 24, 89, 77.

[14] Johnston, 1986, p. 459-477.

[15] Mazarei, JR, 1994, p. 289-314. and Molavi, 2004.

[16] The Economist, 2007.

[17] Klebnikov , 2007.

[18] Rose-Ackerman, 1999, p. 110.

[19] Loewenstein, 2007.

[20] Molavi, 2004.

[21] Klebnikov , 2007.

[22] Jimenez and Cainzos, 2003, 7-24.

[23] Rose-Ackerman, 1999, p. 113.

[24] Ibid, p. 115-118.

[25] Scott, 1972, p. 23

[26] ibid., p. 77.

[27] Esposito. 2001, 3.

[28] Takeyh, 2004, p. 131-143.

[29] Esfahani and Taheripour, 2002, p. 34

[30] IRGC stands for Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps.

[31] Ibid.

[32] Molavi, 2004.

[33] Farzin, 1995, p. 187.

[34] Bozorgmehr, 2007.

[35] Takeyh, 2004, p. 131-143.

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