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chera nabayad dar in mored goftego nasheh? mage ma hame cheze donya ra bayad tajrobeh konim ta ghabol dashteh bashim.
vaghti ma ba marg va mir robero mishim bayad be on feker kinim? vaghti kasi marizi sakhti migireh be fekre mordam miofteh? chera hamish in ra ghabool nimikonim ke har lahzeh ma mitonim bemirim va bayad az har lazeh zendegimon lezat bebarim
vaghti ke ghabol konid ke marg ghesmati az zendegist, zendegi kardan ziyad sakht nist.
death, cessation of all life (metabolic) processes. Death may involve the organism as a whole (somatic death) or may be confined to cells and tissues within the organism. Causes of death in human beings include injury, acute or chronic disease, and neoplasia (cancer). The physiological death of cells that are normally replaced throughout life is called necrobiosis; the death of cells caused by external changes, such as an abnormal lack of blood supply, is called necrosis.
Somatic death is characterized by the discontinuance of cardiac activity and respiration, and eventually leads to the death of all body cells from lack of oxygen, although for approximately six minutes after somatic death—a period referred to as clinical death—a person whose vital organs have not been damaged may be revived. However, achievements of modern biomedical technology have enabled the physician to artificially maintain critical functions for indefinite periods.
Somatic death is followed by a number of irreversible changes that are of legal importance, especially in estimating the time of death. These include rigor mortis, livor mortis (discoloration of the body due to settling of blood), algor mortis (cooling of the body), autolysis (breakdown of tissue by enzymes liberated by that tissue after death), and putrefaction (invasion of the body by organisms from the gastrointestinal tract).
Brain death, which is now a legal condition in most states for declared death, requires that the following be absent for at least 12 hours: behavioral or reflex motor functions above the neck, including pupillary reflexes to testing jaw reflex, gag reflex, response to noxious stimuli, and any spontaneous respiratory movement. Purely spinal reflexes can remain. If the patient has agreed to be an organ donor, the observation period can be shortened to 6 hours.
And...
Interpretations of "death"
In almost all societies, death has one or several symbols associated with it. Common symbols of death in Western cultures include the grim reaper and the color black; conversely, in certain Eastern cultures, the color white is considered symbolic of death. The grave is a metonym for death.
Biologically, death can occur to wholes, to parts of wholes, or to both. For example, it is possible for individual cells and even organs to die, and yet for the organism as a whole to continue to live; many individual cells can live for only a short time, and so most of an organism's cells are continually dying and being replaced by new ones.
Conversely, when organisms die their cells can live for some time afterward. Organs, for instance, can be removed for transplantation. They must be removed and transplanted quickly, or they too will soon die without the support of their host. Rarely, cell cultures can be "immortal" as in the case of Henrietta Lacks' HeLa cell line.
Fingernails and hair appear to grow after a person's death, as, due to bodily dehydration, the flesh pulls away from the hair and nails. In ancient times, this led to confusion about whether a body was actually dead, and added to the myth of vampires.
Irreversibility is often cited as a key feature of death. By definition, a dead organism cannot be brought back to life; if it were to be, that would indicate that it had never been dead. Nonetheless, many people do not believe that death is necessarily irreversible; thus some have a religious belief in bodily or spiritual resurrection, while others have hope for the eventual prospects of cryonics or other technological means of reversing what is currently thought of as death.
It has been hypothesized that a limited lifespan is a consequence of evolution not selecting for extreme longevity in most species, as evolutionary selection only need apply to the organism up to the point of reproduction; after that, except for caring for kin, the continued existence of an individual can have little effect on the survival of its gene line. A common assumption is that the Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that all complex systems must eventually deteriorate, so it is not likely that any species could ever be immortal. However, this aspect of the Second Law of Thermodynamics only applies to closed systems, which organisms are not.
ایرنا:هرچند مرگ پدر يا مادر بر اثر بيماري براي هر كودكي تجربه تلخ و تكاندهندهاي است، اما خانوادهها ميتوانند آنها را در رويارويي با اين اتفاق ناگوار ياري كنند.
به گزارش رويترز هلث از نيويورك، محققان ميگويند سن كودك در درك او از بيماري والدين و نحوه واكنش به آن اهميت زيادي دارد. كودكان ۴يا ۷ يا ۹ساله به حمايتهاي كاملا متفاوتي نياز دارند.
دكتر ''گريس اچ. كريست'' و دكتر ''آدولف ايي كريست'' در يك تحقيق اقدام به گفت و گو با ۸۷خانواده كردند كه كودكان يكي از والدين خود را در اثر سرطان از دست داده دادند.
اين محققان از دانشگاه ''كلمبيا'' و مركز علوم بهداشتي ساني SUNYدر نيويورك ميگويند مهمترين اقدام در مورد كودكان ۳تا ۵ساله اين است كه در دوران بيماري پدر يا مادر مرتب به آنها اطمينان داده شود كه از آنها مراقبت خواهد شد.
محققان ميگويند كودكان در اين سن بايد ديدارهاي كوتاه اما مرتب از پدر يا مادر خود كه در بيمارستان بستري شدهاند داشته باشند و بايد اسباببازيهايي براي بازي كردن در اختيارشان گذاشته شود و كارهايي كه ميتوانند براي پدر يا مادر بيمار خود انجام دهند، به آنها محول شود.
همچنين محققان به بستگان توصيه كردند احساسات خود را در حضور كودكان كم سن و سال كنترل كنند چرا كه گريه آنها را ميترساند.
براي كودكان پيش دبستاني درك معناي بيماري و اينكه مرگ هميشگي است دشوار است.
خانوادهها بايد انتظار داشته باشند اين كودكان طي هفتههاي پس از مرگ پدر يا مادر بطور مرتب از آنها در مورد اينكه پدر يا مادرشان كجا است سوال كنند.
به گفته محققان، اما كودكان شش تا هشت ساله مرگ را درك ميكنند. با اين حال در اين سن آنها بسيار عاطفي هستند و حتي خود را در بيمار شدن پدر يا مادر مقصر قلمداد ميكنند.
محققان در مورد كودكاني كه در اين رده سني قرار دارند به خانوادهها توصيه ميكنند بطور مكرر ماهيت اصلي بيماري پدر يا مادر را براي آنها توضيح دهند و به آنها اطمينان دهند دوري آنها از فرزندان به خاطر بيماري است و نه به خاطر اينكه آنها را دوست ندارند.
محققان در مورد كودكان ۹تا ۱۱ساله به خانوادهها توصيه ميكنند اطلاعات دقيقي در مورد بيماري و درمان پدر يا مادر در اختيار آنها قرار دهند تا بدانند كه منتظر چه بايد باشند.
محققان متذكر شدند كودكاني كه در اين گروه سني قرار دارند مراقبت از والدين براي آنها مفيد است، اما نبايد هيچ مسئوليت بزرگي به آنها واگذار شود.
پس از مرگ پدر يا مادر بهترين كار براي اين گروه سني اين است كه براي حقفظ ثبات در زندگي، چه زودتر به مدرسه بازگردند و فعاليتهاي عادي خود را از سرگيرند.
به گفته محققان تمام اين كودكان بايد در بيان افكار و احساساتشان در مورد پدر يا مادر خود آزاد باشند.
مشروح اين مطالعه را ميتوانيد در شماره ژوئيه/ اوت ،۲۰۰۶مجله CA: A Cancer Journal for Cliniciansبخوانيد.
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