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  • #16
    "Evolutionary" Nuclear Plants: Large, Improved

    Two "evolutionary" nuclear plant designs developed. Two U.S. nuclear companies, ABB Combustion Engineering Nuclear Power, subsequently acquired by Westinghouse, and General Electric Co., have designed large (1,350-megawatt) light water reactors. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued final design certification for these plants in 1997.

    Improving a time-tested nuclear plant design. "Evolutionary" designs build directly on a previous design and on the experience and lessons learned from plants already operating around the world. The "evolutionary" designs optimize the light water reactor, producing a plant that is simpler, easier to operate and maintain, and costs less to build. Safety studies indicate that these designs will be able to meet safety goals that are more than 100 times greater than those of current plants.

    Making use of technological advances for safety and economy. Since today’s nuclear plants were designed and built, there have been tremendous strides in many technological areas. Electronic control systems are a good example. Today’s nuclear power plants have miles of control cable. Tomorrow’s plants will greatly reduce the amount of cabling required through the use of multiplexed, digital control systems, including state-of-the-art fiber optic technology. The new control systems are more reliable, more compact, easier to operate and thus safer. They are also simpler, which cuts construction time and cost.

    Redesigned plant control room. The revolution in electronic controls extends into the control room. Display panels and controls have been completely redesigned. Simple black-and-white dials, for example, will be replaced with more user-friendly video screens showing key trend lines in color.

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    • #17
      “Evolutionary” Nuclear Plants: Advanced Boiling Water Reactor

      Designer. General Electric designed the advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR). The design for the ABWR differs from today’s BWR in a number of ways.

      More compact design cuts construction costs and increases safety. The safety improvements incorporated in the ABWR resulted in a more compact design than the BWR, the ABWR’s building volume is only about 70 percent of the more recent BWRs. This cuts construction time and cost. And it makes the design more rugged and more immune to earthquakes.

      Additional control rod power supply improves reliability. In the current BWR, the control rods, which shut down the nuclear reaction, are hydraulic. In the ABWR, they are electro-hydraulic. Having an additional drive mechanism reduces the probability of failure, and improves the plant’s ability to produce electricity to meet changes in electricity demand.

      Equipment and components designed for ease of maintenance. All major equipment and components have been engineered with service and maintenance in mind, which will minimize downtime and reduce worker exposure to radiation.

      Two ABWRs built and operating in Japan. Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6, the first of two GE ABWRs in Japan and whose design is similar to that certified in the United States, began generating electricity in January 1996. Construction was completed in 52 months, 10 weeks ahead of schedule. Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 7 began commercial operation in mid-1997.

      Two ABWRs being built in Taiwan. In 1996, Taiwan Power awarded a contract to GE Nuclear Energy to build two ABWR units, similar to the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plants, at Lungmen. They are scheduled to start commercial operation in 2004 and 2005, respectively.

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      • #18
        “Evolutionary” Nuclear Plants: System 80+ Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor

        Designer. ABB Combustion Engineering Nuclear Power, subsequently acquired by Westinghouse, developed the System 80+ advanced PWR (APWR), evolving from the proven System 80 design. The System 80+ design is engineered to achieve improvements in cost and safety with a number of significant features.

        Safety and reliability improved. In the APWR, design margins are increased, improving the operational safety of the plant. (The "design margin" of a plant refers to the ability of the design (1) to accommodate unusual plant conditions without the need to activate safety systems and (2) to provide plant operators sufficient time to assess and deal with unusual conditions before automated safety systems activate.) Also, new safety systems are added and the reliability of existing systems is increased.

        Control room enhanced for operator efficiency. The control room and information processing systems have been totally revamped to reduce the burden on the operators and improve their comprehension of the plant’s condition.

        Reactor containment structure improved for additional safety. The reactor is housed in a very large steel dual containment designed to withstand any credible accident, and provide additional maintenance workspace.

        System 80 experience in the United States. Three System 80 units are in operation at the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station in Arizona, the nation’s largest nuclear facility.

        System 80 experience in Korea. Eight additional units referencing the System 80 design and incorporating several System 80+ advancements are in operation or under construction in the Republic of Korea. In 1997, the Republic of Korea selected the System 80+ design as the technology base for the advanced Korean Next Generation Reactor.

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        • #19
          FOR MANY MANY MANY MANY MORE INFORMATION YOU CAN GO TO WWW.NEI.ORG

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          • #20
            Energye Hastei Haghe Mosalame Mast
            نه غزه نه لبنان جانم فدای ایران


            صادق هدايت؛ بوف کور

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